1992
Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction
Journal of Cell Biology, 119(2), 301–311
The foundational autophagy paper. Earned Ohsumi the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The Sardine Fast cites 35 peer-reviewed papers — every one verifiable on PubMed or Google Scholar. Below is a representative selection, grouped by topic. The full annotated bibliography, with a paragraph on each study, is Chapter 30 of the book.
The foundational autophagy paper. Earned Ohsumi the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The canonical NEJM review of intermittent fasting — physiology, clinical evidence, practical protocols.
Coined the 'metabolic switch' — the 12–36h window where the body shifts from glucose to fat-derived ketones.
Decoupled fasting benefits from weight loss — the answer to 'it's just calorie restriction.'
BHB is not just fuel — it's an HDAC inhibitor that regulates inflammation and gene expression.
Why the EPA/DHA in oily fish like sardines dampen chronic inflammation.
The toxicology case for small fish: sardines sit near the bottom for methylmercury.
One-year results of nutritional ketosis for type-2-diabetes remission — best-in-class clinical evidence.
Two-year follow-up: sustained remission, not a short-term fluke.
The definitive reference on why visceral fat is the metabolically dangerous kind.
Mechanistic evidence that fasts beyond 48–72h trigger stem-cell-based regeneration.
Fasting-mimicking diets recover much of a water fast's benefit with food on board — the sardine-fast rationale.
Read the full evidence base — and the protocols built on it — in The Sardine Fast.
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